임상적으로 중요한 자살 시도의 위험인자: 다중 시도 및 첫 시도 방법

Factors predicting meaningful suicide attempts: multiple attempts and index methods

Article information

Pediatr Emerg Med J. 2023;10(1):31-35
Publication date (electronic) : 2022 August 16
doi : https://doi.org/10.22470/pemj.2022.00472
Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
1Department of Emergency Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3Department of Pediatrics, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
구청모orcid_icon, 배고은1orcid_icon, 김형진2orcid_icon, 은소현2orcid_icon, 윤서희2orcid_icon, 김문규2orcid_icon, 정현수1orcid_icon, 권혜은3orcid_icon
단국대학교병원 소아청소년과
1연세대학교 의과대학 세브란스병원 응급의학교실
2연세대학교 의과대학 세브란스 어린이병원 소아청소년과학교실
3가톨릭관동대학교 의과대학 국제성모병원 소아청소년과학교실
Corresponding author: Chungmo Koo (ORCID: 0000-0003-1434-6988) Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University Hospital, 201 Manghyang-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea Tel: + 82-10-5403-4502; Fax: + 82-41-556-1090; E-mail: cm0904@DKUH.co.kr
This manuscript was previously posted to a preprint server of Research Square (doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1195278/v1).
Received 2022 May 9; Revised 2022 July 19; Accepted 2022 July 20.

Trans Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated the association of the index method, defined as the method used in the first suicide attempt (SA), with the outcome of SAs among adolescents.

Methods

The study analyzed medical records of 227 adolescents aged 10-18 years with clear SAs who visited the emergency department of Severance Hospital in Seoul, Korea from January 2007 through February 2021, focusing on the index methods and meaningful SAs defined as hospitalization, death or transfer to another hospital for psychiatric hospitalization. The association of the index method with the meaningful SAs was quantified using logistic regression.

Results

Among the 227 adolescents, 80 underwent the meaningful SAs (35.2%). The adolescents with the meaningful SA chose drug intoxication, fall, and hanging as the index methods more frequently than those without the outcome, whereas they showed a reverse pattern in cutting (P < 0.001). The association of fall or cutting with the meaningful SAs remained significant after adjustment (fall: adjusted odds ratio, 6.93 [95% confidence interval, 1.70-28.26]; cutting: 0.39 [0.17-0.91]; compared with those undergoing drug intoxication). Multiple SAs were also associated with the meaningful SA (1.76 [1.04-3.13]).

Conclusion

This study identifies the index method and multiple SAs as factors associated with the meaningful SA among adolescents in the emergency department. This finding may be helpful in interviewing adolescents with SAs.

Introduction

In adolescents, a previous suicide attempt (SA) is associated with its recurrence1,2). Among self-harms in adults, drug intoxication (DI) as the method at initial SA is associated with a 2.5-5-fold decrease in recurrent attempts compared to hanging3,4). However, switching to more lethal methods is a predictor of completed suicide in adults (adjusted hazard ratio, 7.05)5). In patients aged 10-24 years with DI, those aged 10-17 years have a 1.3-fold higher risk of repeated self-harm than those aged 18-24 years6). Despite the lower severity of suicidal intention and the overuse of over-the-counter medicine in adolescents7), their higher rate of repetition of SAs may lead to fatal outcomes. There is a scarcity of studies focusing on the completed suicide rate with severity in adolescents, beyond the rate of recurrence.

From this viewpoint, we focused on index methods of SAs, defined as the methods used at initial SAs, to investigate factors predicting the outcome of SAs among adolescents in emergency settings.

Methods

1. Study design, setting, population, and protocol

This retrospective, medical record-based study was performed on adolescents aged 10-18 years who visited the emergency department (ED) of Severance Hospital in Seoul, Korea from January 2007 through February 2021. The study was approved by the institutional review board with a waiver for informed consent (IRB no. 4-2021-0693).

The meaningful SA was defined as “emergency hospitalization,” “death” or “transfer to another hospital for psychiatric hospitalization.” This definition was based on the outcomes that may disrupt the adolescents’ normal lives. Only the initial meaningful SA was considered valid for those with multiple meaningful SAs, indicating that data following the first meaningful SA were excluded. Adolescents with a clear intentional SA received the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnostic codes of “suicidal ideation (R45.8),” “self-harm (T76),” “drug intoxication (T28, T36-40, T42-46, T49-56, T60, T62, T65, T88),” “hanging (W76, X70)” or “dead on arrival (R98).” We also reviewed their medical histories to identify those who did not have “suicidal ideation” as a co-diagnosis to exclude cases of accidental injury. Exclusion criteria were accidental injury, suicidal idea without attempts, and unavailable psychiatric history.

2. Variables of interest

To analyze the characteristics of the study population, we collected information regarding sex, age with age groups (10-14, 15, 16, and 17-18 years), psychiatric history, the index method (DI, falling, cutting, hanging, and others), the number of SAs, and the number of changes in the methods of SAs. Neither changes in the type of drugs in adolescents with DI nor those in the intensity or anatomical region in patients with cutting was regarded as changes in the methods. DI was defined as all types and amounts of potentially lethal drugs whereas previous studies distinguished between different types of drugs and found that specific drugs carried higher risks6). The meaningful SA defined above was the primary outcome. “No meaningful SA” was defined as “discharge” or “voluntary discharge” as the secondary outcome for subanalysis of some factors.

3. Statistical analyses

Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. We used Fisher exact tests and chi-square tests for trends. Associations of the independent variables with the meaningful SA were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. SPSS ver. 26.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for the analysis.

Results

Among 364 adolescents with possible suicidal idea or attempt, 227 were selected as the study population (Fig. 1). The meaningful SAs (80 [35.2%]) comprised 71 hospitalizations, 8 deaths, and 1 transfer.

Fig. 1.

Flowchart for the selection of study population. SA: suicide attempt.

Table 1 lists the characteristics of the study population according to the meaningful SAs. Among the index methods, cutting was most common (50.7%). The adolescents with meaningful SA chose DI, fall, and hanging as the index methods more frequently than those without meaningful SA (P < 0.001). Multiple (i.e., recurrent) SAs were reported by 118 adolescents (52.0%) with a lower frequency in those with meaningful SA (57.1% vs. 42.5%; P = 0.038). Of the 118 adolescents, 72 changed the methods once and 14 twice or more.

Characteristics of the study population according to the meaningful SAs

The regression analysis showed that sex, age group, psychiatric history, and the number of changes in the methods of SAs had no significant associations with the meaningful SAs (Table 2). The adjusted odds ratio of fall as the index method was 6.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.70-28.26; compared with those with DI) whereas the adjusted odds ratio of cutting was 0.39 (0.17-0.91; compared with the same reference). In addition, multiple SAs were associated with the meaningful SA (1.76 [1.04-3.13]).

Associations between patient characteristics and the meaningful SA

Of the 80 adolescents with meaningful SAs, 46 (57.5%) obtained the outcomes at the first attempt whereas the remaining 34 (42.5%) did in 2 or more attempts. The former group tended to choose DI (29/46) as the index method whereas the latter mostly chose cutting (30/34). Among the 30 adolescents who chose cutting, only 8 did as the final method, which led to the meaningful SA. The other 22 adolescents chose the following final methods; 12 DIs, 3 fallings, 3 hangings, and 4 others. Adolescents who chose falling or hanging as the index methods did not experience multiple SAs.

Discussion

This study shows the independent association of the index methods of SAs with the outcomes. Compared to DI as the index method, fall and cutting were associated more strongly and weakly, respectively, with the meaningful SA, suggesting that the more fatal the method, the more fatal the outcome (Table 2). Furthermore, the adolescents who chose cutting tended to change their final methods of SAs to more fatal ones, such as DI, in their subsequent attempts, rather than to repeat the cutting (see the last paragraph in Results), though the difference was not significant. This finding suggests a potential association between repetition of SAs and changes to more fatal methods. In addition, multiple SAs were associated with the outcomes despite the non-significant association of the number of changes in the methods of SAs with the meaningful SA (Table 2). With more studies on the abovementioned potential association, changing methods may be a factor for SA-related outcomes in EDs.

We defined the meaningful SAs in a broader fashion unlike previous studies focusing on an individual death3). This broader definition was intended to provide care for adolescents with SA before the occurrence of the completed suicide.

An adult study showed that hanging, drowning or jumping as the index methods had stronger associations with the eventually completed suicide than DI, while cutting or piercing showed a similar degree of association with the outcome using the same reference8). In that study, 60.9% of the adults who chose DI and 15.8% of those who did cutting or piercing used the same methods at the eventual completed suicide8). Clearly, fatal methods result in greater lethality than non-fatal methods9,10). These studies support our finding that cutting had a weaker association with the meaningful SA than DI.

This study has several limitations. First, the adolescents’ psychiatric histories could vary when the histories were based solely on their memories, suggesting a possibility of missing or incorrect data. Second, the data were collected in a single center where the adolescents who were on the psychiatric follow-up could be hospitalized more readily, regardless of their severity. Third, we did not include long-term outcomes as in several previous studies6,11,12).

This study identifies predictors of the meaningful SAs, including the index methods and multiple SAs, in adolescents who visited the ED. Therefore, information on the index methods should be obtained from adolescents with SAs in EDs. In adolescents with multiple SAs, changes in the methods of SAs may be additionally considered.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

Funding sources

No funding source relevant to this article was reported.

References

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2. Hultén A, Jiang GX, Wasserman D, Hawton K, Hjelmeland H, De Leo D, et al. Repetition of attempted suicide among teenagers in Europe: frequency, timing and risk factors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;10:161–9.
3. Bergen H, Hawton K, Waters K, Ness J, Cooper J, Steeg S, et al. How do methods of non-fatal self-harm relate to eventual suicide? J Affect Disord 2012;136:526–33.
4. Runeson B, Tidemalm D, Dahlin M, Lichtenstein P, Långström N. Method of attempted suicide as predictor of subsequent successful suicide: national long term cohort study. BMJ 2010;341:c3222.
5. Wang LJ, Huang YC, Lee SY, Wu YW, Chen CK. Switching suicide methods as a predictor of completed suicide in individuals with repeated self-harm: a community cohort study in northern Taiwan. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015;49:65–73.
6. Daly C, Griffin E, McMahon E, Corcoran P, Webb RT, Witt K, et al. Repeat self-harm following hospital-presenting intentional drug overdose among young people-a national registry study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:6159.
7. Rahman F, Webb RT, Wittkowski A. Risk factors for self-harm repetition in adolescents: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2021;88:102048.
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Article information Continued

Fig. 1.

Flowchart for the selection of study population. SA: suicide attempt.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population according to the meaningful SAs

Variable Total (N = 227) No meaningful SA (N = 147) Meaningful SA (N = 80) P value
Girls 180 (79.3) 117 (79.6) 63 (78.7) 0.881
Age, y 16.0 (14.0-17.0) 16.0 (14.0-16.5) 16.0 (14.0-17.0) 0.340
Age group, y 0.153
 10-14 63 (27.8)* 41 (27.9)* 22 (27.5)
 15 41 (18.1)* 27 (18.4)* 14 (17.5)
 16 56 (24.7)* 42 (28.6)* 14 (17.5)
 17-18 67 (29.5)* 37 (25.2)* 30 (37.5)
Psychiatric history 0.874
 No history 97 (42.7) 61 (41.5) 36 (45.0)*
 MDD 104 (45.8) 69 (46.9) 35 (43.8)*
 Other than MDD 26 (11.5) 17 (11.6) 9 (11.3)*
Index methods of SA < 0.001
 Drug intoxication 79 (34.8) 46 (31.3)* 33 (41.3)*
 Fall 16 (7.0) 3 (2.0)* 13 (16.3)*
 Cutting 115 (50.7) 85 (57.8)* 30 (37.5)*
 Hanging 8 (3.5) 4 (2.7)* 4 (5.0)*
 Others 9 (4.0) 9 (6.1)* 0 (0)*
Multiple SAs 118 (52.0) 84 (57.1) 34 (42.5) 0.038
No. of changes in methods of SAs 0.258
 0 32 (27.1) 24 (75.0)§ 8 (25.0)§
 1 72 (61.0) 53 (73.6)§ 19 (26.4)§
 ≥ 2 14 (11.9) 7 (50.0)§ 7 (50.0)§

Values are expressed as numbers (%) or medians (interquartile ranges).

*

The sums of proportions are not equal to 100% due to rounding.

Six, combined methods; 2, carbon monoxide intoxication; and 1, choking.

The denominators are 118.

§

The denominators are 32, 72, and 14 in the order of rows.

SA: suicide attempt, MDD: major depressive disorder.

Table 2.

Associations between patient characteristics and the meaningful SA

Variable Adjusted OR (95% CI) P value
Girls 1.12 (0.49-2.58) 0.784
Age group, y
 10-14 Reference Reference
 15 0.93 (0.38-2.28) 0.869
 16 0.85 (0.35-2.06) 0.717
 17-18 1.72 (0.77-3.87) 0.190
Psychiatric history
 No history Reference Reference
 MDD 1.04 (0.53-2.04) 0.921
 Other than MDD 0.98 (0.34-2.85) 0.974
Index methods of SA
 Drug intoxication Reference Reference
 Fall 6.93 (1.70-28.26) 0.007
 Cutting 0.39 (0.17-0.91) 0.030
 Hanging 1.58 (0.35-7.07) 0.548
 Others NA NA
Multiple SAs 1.76 (1.04-3.13) 0.036
No. of changes in methods of SAs*
 0 Reference Reference
 1 1.19 (0.50-2.81) 0.693
 ≥ 2 2.96 (0.76-11.08) 0.117

Values are expressed as point estimates.

*

This independent variable was analyzed in 118 adolescents with multiple SAs.

SA: suicide attempt, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, MDD: major depressive disorder.